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CHANTING PRACTICE
SECTION ONE
NOTATION THEORY
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Glyphs or symbols that reflect patterns seen on the surface of flowing water are used to indicate the pitch of successive words, i.e. the melody of a Japanese style religious chant.
To understand these flowing water glyphs we should first understand the tonal nature of ancient eastern languages. All the languages derived from Chinese, including Japanese, are tonal. This means that differences in pitch or tone change the meaning of words.

Mandarin has four distinct tones, and a neutral tone. A famous example is the four Mandarin words that are translated as ‘mother’, ‘fibre’, ‘horse’ and ‘scold’. They are pronounced in exactly the same way, but when tones are applied, they describe four different -and un-associated things.

Fig 1
Fig 1. Mandarin has four distinct tones, and a neutral tone.
TONE 1 is high and level. TONE 2 starts low and ends high. TONE 3 starts fairly high, dips very low, and then goes back up again. TONE 4 starts high and ends low.
NEUTRAL TONE: To make a question, "ma" is added at the end, but it is kept very soft, short and level.

Diacritical Marks: In phonetics (the study of speech sounds), a diacritical mark, a glyph—or symbol is added to a letter to alter its sense, function, tone and/or pronunciation.
Fig 1 shows conventional diacritical marks above the “a” in four renditions of “ma”.
Fig 2 shows a simplification of those conventional marks. In this simplified form, these marks are usually called ‘glyphs. A glyph is a diagram that imparts information.

Fig 2
Fig 2 shows a simplification of diacritical mark -usually called ‘glyphs'.

Fig 3 shows the first line of the ‘Melodic Eko’ – with the Japanese style ‘flowing water’ tone indicator glyphs above the text.

Fig 3
Fig 3. First line of the ‘Melodic Eko’ – with the Japanese style ‘flowing water’ tone indicator glyphs above the text.

The first four glyphs are identical; therefore, each are chanted in the same way. We should now note that the shape of this glyph is very similar to that shown as TONE 1 in Fig 2.

The shape of the fifth glyph is likewise very similar to TONE 3 in Fig 2. It starts at the same pitch as the preceding four, then it dips, and then goes back up again.

Japanese waves and clouds pen and ink drawing
Japanese waves and clouds pen and ink drawing
When we glance at a picture, we scan it left to right, i.e. in the same way we read text. Most of the Mandarin languages read right to left. This can alter our perception of the image.
The shape of the chanting glyphs likens the sound of each syllable of every word to forms of flowing water. Sometimes it flows steady and level (see ‘GA-N NI SHI KU’), and sometimes obstructions cause it to change course (see ‘D-O KU’).

Fig 4
Fig 4. The ‘Melodic Eko’ – with the Japanese style ‘flowing water’ tone indicator glyphs above the text.

The flowing water glyphs convey all the necessary information with a minimum of strokes, and with just a little practice one becomes able to simply ‘see it and sing it’. The glyph system is simple – and intuitive.
On the other hand, the standard western system of music notation is complicated -and unsurprisingly, those that can read it are in the minority. There is no shame in that. It is a thing that ranks very low in most peoples need-to-know list!

Fig 5
Fig 5 graphic. Western style notation for the four basic Mandarin linguistic tones

Fig 5 shows the correct western style notation for the four basic Mandarin linguistic tones (shown earlier as Fig 2). This simplified method involves a stroke-count of four; just one stroke for each of the four tones, yet it tells us all we need to know. Conversely, the western notation uses twenty-eight strokes to tell us more than we need to know!

Before concluding, a few words regarding the lines that the two examples sit on (Fig 4). They each show symbols sitting on five lines. However, these lines differ range, and the two should not be confused.

The Stave or Staff: Western notation sits upon what is known as a stave, or staff. Every line or space represents a white key on the piano. Appropriate music symbols are placed on the stave according to their corresponding pitch or function. Higher and lower notes may be added beneath and above the stave on extra ‘ledger lines’, if necessary.

The vocal range of a first class vocalist is about three and a half octaves. That’s more than 20 notes or tones. The average person’s range is no more than about 12 notes.

However, most traditional Japanese chants are based on pentatonic (five tone) or heptatonic (seven tone) scales; and all these notes well within the range of the average amateur vocalist.

Ultimately, the only way we can fully appreciate the subtleties of any sound, be that as a solo voice or a symphony orchestra -is to hear it. If we listen to it over and over, we will learn it. And if we chant it out loud over and over, we will remember it. But a word of caution: If you cease your listening or chanting practice, it will fade from your memory.

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Rev Daichi Gary Robinson. SBFUK Office and Buddha Room

7 Lime Street, Southampton SO14 3DA. Phone or text: 0748 4681 094